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Management and restoration of European eel population (Anguilla anguilla): An impossible bargain
Article en anglais d’Eric Feunteun (Université de Rennes 1)

Sommaire :
1. Introduction
2. Material and methods
2.1. Biological cycle of European eel
2.2. Population dynamics model
3. Reasons for the decline
3.1. Marine causes
3.2. Continental causes
3.2.1. Migration obstructions
3.2.2. Fisheries
3.2.3. Habitat loss
3.2.4. Parasite infestation
3.2.5. Effects of pollutants
4. Assessing the decline
5. Why are restoration and management needed
5.1. Socio-economic arguments
5.2. A reliable bio-integrator of environmental change
6. Restoration programs
6.1. Improving natural recruitment
6.1.1. Eel ladders
6.1.2. Glass eel fishery management
6.1.3. Habitat restoration
6.2. Restocking
7. Monitoring and surveys
7.1. Recruitment
7.2. Recruitment and population dynamics
8. Have restoration programs failed ?
8.1. Relevance of continental restoration programs
8.1.1. Stock recruitment relationship in eels
8.1.2. Targets of restoration programs
8.1.2.1. Restocking
8.1.2.2. Improving upstream migration
8.1.2.3
8.2. Relevance of monitoring and surveys
9. Concepts for sustainable restoration and management: an ecological engineering approach
9.1. Local restoration program
9.1.1. Step 1: characterizing the stocks and defining restoration targets
9.1.2. Step 2: defining restoration actions
9.1.2.1. Opening migration ways
9.1.2.2. Restoring habitats
9.1.2.3. Controlling fisheries
9.1.3. Step 3: monitoring the population parameters
9.2. European coordination
9.2.1. Step 4: comparing trends and adapting restoration techniques and targets
10. Conclusions